Monday, September 30, 2019

Defining the Humanities Essay

After reading this week’s lecture and my understanding of what humanities are is the study of what people have experienced and how they express this experience. Humanities are how people have interacted throughout their existence and how people interact today. Humanities are the study of the philosophical beliefs of a culture. The philosophical approach to understanding a culture is what separates humanities from science and history. Science and history are exact and rarely are open for debate once it is proven to be fact. Science will set out  to prove its point, whatever it may be, through precise calculations. Science also studies theory and probability. Science lacks imagination in their calculations whereas humanities use imagination to understand past culture. Science wants to prove how people came to exist whereas humanities seek to understand why people exist. History is different from humanities because history studies documentation as facts and undisputable regarding what happened. Humanities seek to answer why it happened and to understand it. History was recorded in books in  libraries, Humanities are written on walls in caves or in the design contained in buildings. Today cultures express their interests, their experiences, and their values through many forms such as art, music, and movies. Sharing experiences is perhaps the most basic form of explaining who people are. By sharing these experiences in the forms of art, music, and movies, it allows us to share information about us through our creativity. In today’s culture these three forms of expression allow people to show their individuality and to connect with many on different levels. Art takes many forms and is interpreted by an individual differently. Colors and design reflect our feelings. Black and white expresses loneliness and pain whereas bright colors express happiness. A painting for example, allows an artist to express themselves in a way he or she feels. It is their visualization of their thoughts (Kitchin, 2004). Society looks at the painting and is free to interpret it their way. One person may see happiness whereas another sees sadness. A picture of time square could mean chaos and seem overwhelming to one from a rural area where someone from a city sees everything he or she needs. People continue to express themselves with music. The meanings behind the words of the songs often come from the feelings and the experiences of the author. It is the responsibility of the musician to express those feelings and experiences through sound. Music with soul (Hakes, 2011). Music has been very important to our culture. Think of how important the Beatles were to world or even the Grateful Dead. My personal favorite band is Linkin Park. They are my favorite because I can relate my life to the words of their song. Their music attracts those DEFINING THE HUMANITITES 3 who appear to be weak or who do not appear to be societies strongest. Their song â€Å"The Little Things Give You Away† was written about Hurricane Katrina. The devastation from Hurricane Katrina was widespread devastation. Their song attempts to reflect through music the pain and suffering affected by it. Movies are much like music however instead of only simply able to hear words and visualize it; the movies create the visualization for the person. Movies use categorization such as romance, action, and drama. Movies based on real life events attempt to capture those events and explain them. Movies can show the romance side of a situation or even the heroics. The recent movie Argo is about the falling of the United States Embassy in Iran, which was overrun. This movie reflects the horror that six members went through while showing the heroics of a CIA member to return the members of the Embassy to the United States. These three forms of expression will continue to exist as time continues. They are acceptable means of  expressions and are a very important part of today’s society. All three bring joy to people and if capable a person can express him or herself like none before. DEFINING THE HUMANITITES 4 References Kitchin, M. (2004). Art and expression. Retrieved from http://www. students. sbc. edu/kitchin04/artandexpression/artandexpression. html Hakes, T. (2011, March 11). Music as expression vs. music as entertainment. Retrieved from http://abovegroundmagazine. com/blogs/letter-from-the-editor/03/15/music-as-expression-vs- music-as-entertainment/

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Case Study Of The Jaipur Rail Project Environmental Sciences Essay

An efficient system of determination devising for sustainable socioeconomic development, with an effectual environmental direction of the beginnings of environmental impact and effects of such impacts, need to be put in topographic point in order to implement the authorities policy of environmental protection and safety at the regional degree. Sustainable development is the consequence of carefully incorporating environmental, economic and societal demands in the policy degree to accomplish both an increased criterion of life in the short term, and a net addition or equilibrium among human, natural and economic resources to back up future coevalss. This EIA survey is to set up present environmental conditions along the proposed Jaipur Metro Corridors: Predict the impacts on relevant environmental properties due to the building and operation of the proposed undertaking and urge equal extenuation steps to minimise / cut down inauspicious impacts. The information presented in this subdi vision is drawn from assorted beginnings such as studies, field studies and environment monitoring. Majority of informations on H2O quality, flora, air and noise quality was collected during field surveies in November 2009 to Feb. 2010. Furthermore, operational guidelines, monitoring, and station closing steps were suggested. The process followed and recommendations made by this survey may function as counsel for contrivers and determination shapers to carry on EIA for landfills under similar conditions. Cardinal words: EIA ( Environmental Impact Assessment ) , EPA ( Environmental Protection Act ) EPR ( Environmental Protection Regulation ) , EIS ( Environmental Impact Statement ) , EIA system and procedure. Introduction The chief purpose of the EIA survey is to set up present environmental conditions along the proposed jaipur tube corridors ; predict the impacts on relevant environmental properties due to the building and operation of the proposed undertaking and urge equal extenuation steps to minimize/reduce inauspicious impacts. The different constituents of environment in which alterations are likely to happen include H2O, land, air, ecology, noise, socio-economic issues, etc. The aims of the Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) survey for the proposed Undertaking are to the elements of the environment probably to be affected by the proposed developments ; to set up the baseline environmental and societal scenario of the undertaking country ; to place and quantify emanation beginnings and find the significance of impacts on sensitive receptors, to foretell and measure environmental and societal impacts expected during the building and operation stages of the undertaking, to measure the sentiment of the populace as observed in the public hearing, including the suggestions given by the populace and the response of the undertaking governments, to develop extenuation steps so as to minimise pollution, environmental perturbation and nuisance during building and operations of the development, to plan and stipulate the monitoring demands necessary to guarantee the execution and the effectivity of the extenuation steps suggested and to work out the cost of envi ronmental extenuation and monitoring demands. The environment impact appraisal is normally carried out in eight stairss ; each of which has an equal importance in finding the overall public presentation of the undertaking. Location and Physical geography Jaipur popularly known as the Pink City, is the capital of Rajasthan. Jaipur is located at 26A °55aˆ?N 75A °49aˆ?Ei »? / i »?26.55A °N 75.52A °Ei »? / . It has an mean lift of 431A metres ( 1417A foot ) . The meteoric status prevailing at the undertaking path during the survey twelvemonth is given below in Table 1.All the monitoring station are selected with in 500 m from the path. Table 1: Meteorologic Data ( IMD ) Parameters Maximum Minimum Average Temperature 45.4EsC 5.0EsC 30EsC Relative Humidity 61 % 17 % 50.66 % Wind Speed 28 kmph 0 kmph 14.9 kmph Wind Direction Predominant air current way are NW and NE Rain––613.6 millimeter Beginning: IMD, Jaipur Fig.1. Proposed corridor Fig.2. Methodology of EIA Fig.3 Satellite map demoing monitoring station. Methodology: – The different constituents of environment in which alterations are likely to happen include H2O, land, air, ecology, noise, socio-economic issues, etc, hence all these parametric quantity are analyzed: – Land H2O and dirt analysis: – The groundwater and dirt quality in the survey country is reported to be good. However, laboratory analyses were done for a limited figure of samples, the inside informations of which are provided in Tables and 3 Air quality: – Degrees of SPM, RSPM are on the higher side for the sensitive countries. However SPM in Ajmeri gate is highest National Ambient Air Quality Standards. This is because of the highest traffic in the country. In the other countries besides the SPM are higher due to heavy traffic. Chand Pole is the busy country where one can see assorted residential and commercial land usage. Degrees of SO2 and NOX are good within the prescribed bounds of NAAQS at all receptors. Noise degree: – It can be observed that the noise degrees are good within the criterions. The twenty-four hours noise degree was found to be highest at Chand Pole Gate, which is one of the busiest intersections of the metropolis. Environmental Management Plan Based on the environmental baseline conditions, planned undertaking activities and its impact assessed, the set of steps to be taken during execution and operation to avoid, countervail inauspicious environmental impacts or to cut down them to acceptable degrees, together with the action which needs to be taken to be implemented are given in this subdivision. Conclusions & A ; Recommendations Based on undertaking specifics and bing environmental conditions possible impacts have been identified that are likely to ensue from the proposed undertaking and where possible these have been quantified in table 4. Harmonizing to study, about 1158 trees are likely to be lost due to the undertaking along the alliance. Ten times the figure of trees is proposed to be planted. Hence a 9000 workss are required to be planted in the undertaking country at a entire cost of Rs. 13 hundred thousand. It is presumed that authorities land will be provided for afforestation ; hence no land cost will be involved. The recommended works species for afforestation include Khejari, Castor, Roida ( sheesham ) , Khair, Kair, Harsingar, lemon, pepal, ber, babool, neem, sirus, ..gulmohar, arjun, papri, bottle brash, amla etc The public wellness installations such as H2O supply sanitation and lavatories are much needed at undertaking location. Water should be treated before usage upto WHO criterions. Properly designed rain H2O reaping systems will be installed at all Stationss to conserve H2O. There will be an addition in noise degree in ambient air due to building and operation of metro rail. The addition in degrees is fringy ; therefore local population will non be adversely affected. However, the exposure of workers to high noise degrees particularly near engine, blowhole shaft, etc. necessitate to be minimized. This can be achieved by occupation rotary motion, mechanization, protective devices, noise barriers, and soundproof compartments, control suites, etc. The workers employed in high noise degree country could be employed in low noise degree countries. Automation of equipment and machineries, wherever possible should be done to avoid uninterrupted exposure of workers to resound. At work topographi c points, where mechanization of machineries is non possible, the workers exposed to resound should be provided with protective devices. Particular acoustic enclosures should be provided for single noise bring forthing equipments, wherever possible. Vibration emanates from rail-wheel interaction and the same can be reduced by minimising surface abnormalities of wheel and rail, bettering path geometry, supplying elastic fasteners, and separation of rail place assembly from the concrete pedestal with interpolation of resilient and daze absorbing tablet.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates Essay

Dubai is one of the seven Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E. ). Before oil and gas were discovered in 1958, it was among the very poor sheikdoms under British protection and was once called a Trucial State. Today, their sheiks are independent and among the world’s richest men, with a gross annual income of $25. 7 billion. It has vast reserves of oil and natural gas (Ibrahim, 1982). The land is mainly salt mashes, barren desert, and sandy plain. Oases stud the desert areas. To the east, the mountains lie close to the sea. It is also famous as having the highest cost of living in the world – the cheapest apartment rents for $1,000 per month (Peck, 1986). The Emiratians (Dubai people) used to be pirates, fishermen or pearl divers, nomads or oasis farmers. Most are now wage earners or businessmen who feel more conscious of a national identity as a rich and important country. They are famous for two unique sports: (1) camel races, and (2) falconry. Colorful music, dancing and singing also give life to this otherwise dry place. This area of Gulf was notorious for piracy. They preyed on the trade between Europe and China. The British came in 1806 and started to impose oder against the Arab pirates. In 1853, piracy was finally wiped out when the sheiks signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce Agreement with Britain. Thus, the Pirate Coast became the respectable Trucial States (Seale, 1988). Today, Dubai is the largest commercial center and the nerve center for smuggling Western currency, gold, and other goods into the Indian subcontinent, especially Pakistan. Dubai is also the outlet for capital fleeing Afghanistan and Iran. One phenomenon of the oil boom was to fill Dubai’s population (like that of Kuwait and Qatar) mostly with foreigners. The majority of the population or around 50% is Indo-Pakistani outnumber the native Arabs, who populate the land by only 42%. The large foreign population (mostly migrant workers) are lured to Dubai by the high salaries, welfare benefits, and rapid development. To keep discipline, the governing Arab sheiks have emphasized Muslim (Shariah) law, religious education, and the observance of Muslim practices. The Muslim rulers and people are Sunnis, strongly influenced by the strict Wahabi sect of neighboring Saudi Arabia (Peck, 1986). Diplomacy, national security, information, communications, health, education, and the budgets of the three smaller emirates are decided by the federal government. The local sheiks retain control over policy within their emirates. The laws of Dubai (under the United Arab of Emirates) are divided into two main categories: union laws and decrees. A bill drafted by the Council of Ministers for non-binding deliberation by the Federal National Council and then submitted to the president for his assent and the Supreme Council of the Union for ratification becomes a union law when promulgated by the president. Decrees are issued jointly by the president and the Council of Ministers between sessions of the Supreme Council of the Union. As the final say is always on the Supreme Council of the Union, a decree must only be confirmed by them to remain valid (Ibrahim, 1982). Dubai’s political system, which is a unique combination of the traditional and the modern, has underpinned this political success, enabling the country to develop a modern administrative structure while, at the same time, ensuring that the best of the traditions of the past are maintained, adapted and preserved (Ibrahim, 1982). Relations with the other members of the U. A. E. have not always been smooth. The discovery of a big natural gas field in Sharjah reopened a border dispute with Dubai. In November 1982, Dubai sent tanks to the border to prevent Sharjah’s foreign contractors from drilling the field (Seale, 1988). However, not all is coming up roses for Dubai. Bad planning and extravagance have now caused new miseries. In fact, the most outstanding examples of ill-conceived investment in the Arab world are found in the Dubai ports and so-called international airports stand cheek to cheek. Within fifty kilometers of its coast are three major ports, including the Mina Jabel Ali, the biggest manmade port ever built. Its sixty-seven berths are now suffering terrible losses. Being a member of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai has an international airport of its own, making cynics joke that the state boundaries end where the next runway begins. The headquarters of the Arab Monetary Fund in Dubai have polished one-way windows done with gold compound (Peck, 1986). References Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. (1982). The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth. Westview Press. Peck, Malcolm C. (1986). The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity. Westview Press. Seale, Patrick. (1988). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Analysis of two learning environment designs Essay

Analysis of two learning environment designs - Essay Example For example problem based learning design and role based learning design. The basic principle underlying the problem based learning design is older than formal education itself. A good learning design should be one that incorporate or integrate both formal and informal education. The problem-based learning design therefore integrates the two types of education. It is a way where learning is initiated by a posed problem, query, or puzzle that the learn wants to solve. This type of learning may be mixed with other learning models such as group work and case studies, but is distinguished by the focus on having students delineate, research and solve a realistic problem (Dods, 1997). Just from the introduction of informal education, many instructors have proposed this type of learning approach because of the following reasons. In the first place problem based learning approach is argued that it is good when it comes to preparing students to apply their learning to a real world situation. Students are able to identify a real world problem they are familiar with in the environment and then finally come with the students who are learning to better apply their learning to real world situation. Learners are given questions or problems by their instructors whereby they are suppose to carry out a research after making some relevant questions and thoughts on how to solve he problem. The other The other rationale of problem based learning design is that it enables learners to become producers rather than consumers of knowledge. By engaging in research the learning is able to learn new things and come up with new knowledge. Research has also been made easier in the learning environment just because of the introduction of the new information communications and technology. Rote learning is highly discouraged since it makes students to lazy (Gorman, Plucker and Callahan, 1998). The new learning design should encourage students to take the active part is the learning exercise. Teacher centred approach is something that used to happen in the past and should not be incorporated in our learning environment at the moment. Problem based learning design therefore motivates students to get involved in active research work whereby they are able to find new knowledge and skills. The other reason why problem based learning is found to be good is because the system help students to develop communication, reasoning and critical thinking skills. Curriculum developers and planners have redesigned their curriculum, which entail learning experiences, methodologies and content to carter for the new technology introduced in the environment. Education is supposed to prepare students and graduates to meet the new demands in the market. One cannot be an entrepreneur if she cannot think and come up with new idea. Problem based learning design therefore promotes the development of communication, reasoning and critical thinking skills. Interpersonal skills should be provided to students whereby they should learn how to interact with their peers and other members of the society. With problem based learning approach these skills are possible. Proponents some educators who prefer this learning design also argue that students are able to learn by themselves with

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Super size me ( the movie ) written aurgument Essay

Super size me ( the movie ) written aurgument - Essay Example And if he is asked to super size the meal, he has to say yes. Spurlock’s reason for his position is to prove that eating products which are modified such as refined carbohydrates and sugars, products that have preservatives and products which have high calories are harmful to our health and it would complicate our heart, liver, blood and other parts of our body. And most of these products are found in fast food restaurants. He uses this experiment as his means to support his reasons. During Spurlock’s first week of McDonald’s diet he gained 8.5 pounds, which is from 185.5 pounds (Spurlock’s weight before McDonald’s diet) to 194 pounds. During the first week Spurlock was consuming 5000 calories per day which is way above the amount of calories he needs per day which is only 2500 calories. During the second weigh in, Spurlock gained 9 pounds, which is from 194 pounds – 203 pounds. During his third weigh in he lost 1 pound, which is from 203 pou nds – 202 pounds. But his cholesterol levels went up from 165 – 225, his SGOT levels went from 21 – 130 and his SGPT levels went up from 20 - 290. The rapid growth of his cholesterol levels and liver enzymes levels (SGOT/SGPT) made the doctor advice Spurlock to stop his high fat diet before it gets worse. The people who would disagree with Spurlock are the people who are behind the fast food company. The fast food company claims that they are part of the obesity problem but they also claimed that people have the freedom to choose where and what to eat. Fast food restaurants don’t force people to eat their products, but billions are spent on advertising these products. It is on paper, radio, television and internet. Plus they have this must-have-toys and playgrounds which is very inviting to the kids. Spurlock responds to this by letting people have more healthy options. Spurlock visited numerous

International Business Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Globalization - Essay Example Free zones have been set up in the UAE which are completely tax-free to attract investment (Zaman, 2011). The toy sales in UAE have been burgeoning recently with the rise in sales reaching the mark of 17% when the global sale has shrunk by 0.08% (Ligaya, 2009), as per the research of NSD, a US based Research firm. This has particularly raised the interest of Kids R Us to explore into the market of China. Kids R Us, a leading toy company, headquartered in Dubai is one of the largest in its category. The company has been largely successful in its line of products for children under the age of three, which has hugely contributed in the recent revenue earnings as per the company’s annual report. The company has recently been trying to enter the Chinese market with its new product called the â€Å"The Singing Piano† as a starter and wishes to expand with its other products after gaining a foothold in the Chinese toy market. Business Concept Kids R Us is an UAE toy company wi th its headquarters at Dubai. The company was small at its onset, but over the years, it has established itself as one of the largest in the toy making business. The company mainly specializes in the production of toys for children of all ages. However, it had started out with producing toys for infants and till date, the largest portion of the company’s revenue stems from the toys designed for infants. Mission The company pays huge attention to the corporate responsibilities. The mission of the company can be summarized as: Playing with integrity. Promoting the team spirit among the employees to increase the efficiency of the organizational structure. Promoting sustainability in its growth and reduce any toxic impacts on the environment. Playing for all, where it acts in a philanthropic... From the discussion it is clear that  globalization in the recent times has made the world a very small place. The positive impact of globalization has helped countries to attract more foreign investment into them to boost the overall growth. The eagerness of UAE to attract further foreign investments is evident from its policies since 2002. Owing to the easing polices taken since 2002 by the federal government, these restrictions are now relaxed to make the foreign firms invest in UAE. Free zones have been set up in the UAE which are completely tax-free to attract investment.This study stresses that Kids R Us is an UAE toy company with its headquarters at Dubai. The company was small at its onset, but over the years, it has established itself as one of the largest in the toy making business. The company mainly specializes in the production of toys for children of all ages. However, it had started out with producing toys for infants and till date, the largest portion of the company ’s revenue stems from the toys designed for infants. The company aims to establish itself as the most sustainable one in the business with the ambition of manufacturing in the most eco-friendly way. The slogan of the company aptly captures its vision statement which reads â€Å"Toys which makes the earth smile†.  Kids R Us aims to introduce its newest toy, â€Å"The Singing Piano† in the Chinese market. The toy was first launched in Dubai and met with stellar reviews. It has been observed that the sales of indoor games along with outdoor games have been on a rise.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Development of Academic and Vocational Curricula Essay

Development of Academic and Vocational Curricula - Essay Example Basically the outcome of the condition or in other words the end results of the subject’s views on an issue or a particular subject should be treated with fairness or egalitarianism so as to reduce or utmost get rid of the differences between the people or the society that has issues to tackle. This is often referred to as equality of outcome (Equality of outcome). This is achievable if the societies at large join in hands in promoting equality of outcome so as to give a chance to any individual, subject, idea, notion e.t.c that has any point of observation to make on a particular subject. In regard to this subject it seems that there have been milestones in tackling the issue of review and development of academic and vocational curricula at the level 14 – 19 due to differences in calibre, stand, position and ranks of the education. Hence this has led to disarray in the education arena since the indifferences that have cropped up is visibly demonstrated between the various groups on this issue regarding whether the review is feasible or not. Definitely it is explicitly visible that equality of status is looming on this review and development of academic and vocational curricula of 14 – 19 level, since indifference has cropped up hence the debate is still an issue to tackle with a lot of keenness due to the challenge of chronological antagonism on vocational education compared to academic education in terms of its qualification status. There are also sharp and unresolved indifferences between the ministers or government’s spear leaders and the scho ol specialist bodies in education and personalities such as Mr. Tomlinson’s inquiry and Chief Inspector David Bell among others on this education development and reforms issues of 14 – 19 level. Â  

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Advanced Cost Analysis and Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advanced Cost Analysis and Systems - Assignment Example The Advanced Cost Analysis and Systems involves carrying out Business cycles for Apple Inc, which include Revenue--sales process, sales return, cash receipt Expenditure--purchasing, purchase return, cash disbursement Payroll Fixed Assets--Acquisition, dispose Inventory--production Treasury Cycle Finiancial. The payroll cycle begins by the receipt of time cards from the hourly employees. The time cards depict the number of hours worked by the employees in their respective departments. The head of the department either signs the time card for confirmation or does not sign to indicate rejection. The head of department then submits the time card to the payroll manager who then updates the payroll. The company’s CFO then reviews gives approval leading to the processing and posting of the payroll. Once the CFO authorizes the paychecks, the company then prepares adequate cash for disposal, in covering the amount indicated in the payroll. This triggers the preparation of a payroll voucher to act as a record for the total amount indicated in the payroll. After posting the payroll, the checks are then delivered to the employees. This transaction affects the cash department consequently triggering for the preparation of a disbursement journal. The company then reconciles the ledger informa tion. As depicted in the flow chart showing sales process, the first step is a customer placing an order for the company’s products. The company presents the customer with the details of products before the actual transaction starts. As a legal procedure, customer purchase order forms an inherent part of the transactions and must include company name, customer’s name, fabric, quantities, shipping and billing information. The receipt of the purchase order drives the company to approving the order and accompanied credit carried by the customer for the transaction. in the shipping process, the company makes use of a common

Monday, September 23, 2019

Price of gold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Price of gold - Essay Example The world market has seen a sharp rise in need of keeping wealth in the form of gold. The increase in demand by business persons and central banks in different regions requires an increase in supply of gold. The demand has not been met with similar supply because of constant factors in the supply chain. The suppliers of gold are not increasing their mining capacities in purchasing additional machineries or identifying new mines. The rise in demand with no rise in supply eventually leads to sharp increase in the prices of gold (Wise 2012). The rises in prices can persist for two years before the supply matches up with the demand through an increase in supply. Different factors make the market supply of gold inelastic limiting on supply capacity of miners. Gold mining is an expensive undertaking that needs investors to put a lot of resource in building crushing and drilling machineries. The massive investment cannot be made in a short time to meet the enormous demand in the market lead ing to a constant supply being made no matter the increase in demand of product in the market. Increase in supply can be made through long-term investment that can extend to 10 years before production begins. The inability of suppliers to respond to forces of demand leaves the market volatility high. The huge numbers of speculators in the market contributes volatility in gold prices. ... The supplier will increase prices because they cannot meet the large demand in the market. The increase in supply price can get to 11% increase with regard to the increase in demand. Announcement of huge releases of gold to the market in large quantity on prediction prices will remain high leads to reduction in prices (Thomas, 2012). The large amount supply with no increase in demand means sharp decreases in prices sometimes totaling to 5% decrease from previous day’s prices. The world gold supply from recycling vendors has seen sharp decrease. People selling their gold ware during the global economic crisis caused the decrease. Statistic have shown recycling supply used to cater for 45% of the world market in 2008. In 2011 recycling source of gold contributed 2% of the world gold supply which was a small proportion compared to the previous 45% supply. The fall in the amount of recycled gold available in the market with demand increase has led to prices increases. This leaves the supply from the mines to cater for 98% of all the demands. Lack of ability by the miners to cater for the 98%has contributed to the volatility leading to a sharp increase in prices of gold (Jeff, 2012). The central banks from different countries were key suppliers of gold to the markets. The banks released large amounts of their gold to the market without making purchases to replenish the dwindling stocks. The exhaustion of gold in their bulk meant that the different countries bank start purchasing the gold in competition with the retail purchasers. The purchasing of gold by the central bank increases demand while their lack of ability to supply creates shortage (BBC, 2011). The two forces of demand and supply lead

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Of mice and men dramatically conveys to us the vital importance of dreams in helping us to deal Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men dramatically conveys to us the vital importance of dreams in helping us to deal Essay Of mice and men dramatically conveys to us the vital importance of dreams in helping us to deal; with the often difficult realities of our lives. In this novella by John Steinbeck, some characters had dreams to get them out of difficult realities, their dreams helped them to combat the loneliness and hopelessness of there existence. George Milton and Lenny Small, two poor homeless migrant workers who belonged nowhere and to know one were doomed to a life of wandering and toil, in which they will neve be able to reap the fruits of there labour. The one thing that that kept them strong through this repetitive and useless life was a dream. Someday were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs (George- pg 14). It was a dream that was shared by every American worker, to have a place of their own, the opportunity to work for themselves and know one to give them orders. For Lenny the dream was very much real, it helped him to cope with the boredom that he faced and he always went to sleep happy thinking about tending the rabbits. For George on the other hand, the dream was at first like a fairytale he told Lenny to bring a smile upon his face and the promise of tending the rabbits helped him to stay out of trouble but all the while he was very optimistic about the dream and felt that there was no way it would become a reality. Georges first views towards the dream were soon changed when Candy found out about what they were planning, he offers financial help and suddenly a new view is seen of the dream. This unexpected offer by Candy means that the dream is no longer a fantasy and finally all the pain and suffering might have payed off for George, Lenny and Candy but the threat to the fulfilment of this dream is ever present in Lennys behaviour and in the end its Lennys uncontrollable actions which finally destroy dream. The dream is constantly changing, at first it was just a story told by George to cheer up Lenny, then in the middle it seemed like it would come true and finally in the end it was apparent that everyones dreams were shattered with Lenny as the only exception, because he dies happy with the picture of the dream in his head. Candy wishes to share in the dream with George and Lenny because he is becoming old and useless like his dog, he has nowhere to go to and now one to care about him and unlike his dog theyre not going to take him out and shoot him, instead there going to put him in an old folks home where he will feel lonely and have no freedom. By joining Lenny and George he can live out his days happy and free, forever safe knowing he wont be canned. Once Candy realises that the dream is more or less a reality he stands up for what he believes in with dignity and courage, something he didnt do before he realised the dream was within reach. Candy realises that he doesnt have to be the useless old cripple anymore because he can live the rest of his life happy, without being told what to do. Candys dream ended in a pessimistic way because all he wanted got destroyed leaving him with nothing and hence left in the same way he was before the dream- old, useless and hanging onto his job by a thread. Crooks dream was to be respected and not judged by his colour, he too wanted to live on the ranch with Candy, George and Lenny. Crooks is an example of the bitterness, anger and hopelessness that a black American struggling to be recognised as a human being is faced with. At first Crooks was most cynical about the dream of owning a ranch but the dream was powerful enough to convince him that it was the real thing for a few moments only to be shattered by Curleys wife who made it clear that there is no way a black, crippled outcast such as himself would ever make such a dream a reality. That statement that Curlys wife made, made Crooks realise that he was nothing more than an outcast and what she said was in a way true, with that all the hopes and dreams of Crooks were crushed. Like Crooks, Curleys wife is stricken with isolation and sadness. She was out of place on the ranch and because of that she was a really lonesome person with lonesome feelings and hence was often desperate for someone to talk to. Throughout the novel Curleys wife stirred up many emotions among the workers of the ranch, such as the way she looked and acted lead other characters in the novel to see her as a tart. Curlys wife indulged in a dream which had already passed her by, leaving her with a life of empty hope. Like many young women, she aspired to stardom in films after being wrongly told that she was a natural. At first she seemed cold hearted and set herself to make trouble but then it became apparent that she was just lonely adn wanted someone to talk to and as Curley was not interested in hearing about her hopes or dreams, the only person she found willing to listen to was Lenny.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Air Conditioner Using Engine Exhaust Heat

Air Conditioner Using Engine Exhaust Heat This paper describes the development possible in the field of vehicle air conditioning based on vapour absorption cooling. The cooling effect is produced by waste heat energy recovered from engine exhaust. The advantages of such a system are drastic reduction of fuel over consumption and emissions associated with vehicle air conditioner usage. The current air conditioning system used in automobile is based on vapour compression cycle which necessarily consists of a compressor driven by engine output and thus increases fuel consumption rate and pollution proportion. The introduction of vehicle air conditioning using vapour absorption cycle eliminates the need for compressor; here compressor is replaced by generator and absorber unit. Engine waste heat from exhaust gases is used as heat source for generator of vapour absorption system. This paper describes the development possible in the field of vehicle air conditioning based on vapour absorption cooling. Some limitations are outlined and suggestions for future improvement are pointed out. Keywords Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle, Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle. Introduction Motivating factors for the designing this system is continuous optimization of the performance of internal combustion engines and the increasing utilization of air conditioning in vehicles, as it reaches the status of essential need for modern life. Internal combustion engines are potential energy sources for absorption refrigeration systems, as about one third of the energy availability in the combustion processes wasted through the exhaust gas. Thus, use of the exhaust gas in an absorption refrigeration system can increase the overall system efficiency. An automobile engine utilizes only about 35% of available energy and rests are lost to cooling and exhaust system. If one is adding conventional air conditioning system to automobile, it further utilizes about 5% of the total energy. Therefore automobile becomes costlier, uneconomical and less efficient. It also decreases the life of engine and increases the fuel consumption. For very small cars compressor needs 3 to 4 bhp, a significant ratio of the power output. Keeping these problems in mind, a car air conditioning system is proposed from recovery of engine waste heat using engine exhaust as source of generator for VARS. Introduction to VARS: Figure 1 Schematics of Ammonia Water Absorption Refrigeration System Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the basic aqua-ammonia refrigeration cycle. High pressure ammonia vapor enters the condenser, where it transfers heat to the neighborhood. Liquid ammonia leaves the condenser and passes through an expansion valve, reaching the evaporator pressure. The refrigerant then enters the evaporator, where it receives heat from the cold source, turning into low pressure vapor. In the sequence, ammonia vapor enters the absorber, where a weak solution of water and low concentration ammonia absorbs the refrigerant and, at the same time, transfers heat to the neighborhood. The solution has now a high ammonia concentration, and is pumped to the vapor generator, where it receives heat from an external source. The ammonia in the solution then evaporates, separating from water and flowing to the condenser to start a new cycle. A weak water-ammonia solution leaves the vapor generator and enters the absorber to absorb ammonia vapor from the evaporator. A heat exchanger betwee n the absorber and the vapor generator transfers heat from the weak solution leaving the vapor generator to the high ammonia concentration solution going into the vapor generator. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption system is usually much lower in magnitude then the compression system. But this low value of the former is not of much importance since it uses the waste heat such as engine exhaust heat. The most important thing about VARS is even if the evaporator temperature falls, the same COP can be maintained by elevating the generator temperature .Hence the capacity of the system remains almost the same. Design procedure of heat extraction device: Since VARS is heat operated cycle we need heat extraction device to extract heat from high temperature source and to deliver this heat to the generator of system. In order to enhance the performance of the refrigeration cycle we need to optimize the design of the Heat Extraction device. Because of its simplicity in operation, less installation as well as maintenance cost, we select Heat Exchanger as heat extraction device. C:UsersLENOVODesktopA4heatex.jpg Figure2- Schematic of Heat Exchanger In order to find the dimensions of the Heat Exchanger we have to assume certain cooling capacity of the cooling system. Lets assume it as 2.5 kW that is Qref = 2.5 kW. Calculations for Heat Extraction Device that is in our case a Heat Exchanger are as follows Calculation for Ammonia site: Calculation of mass flow rate Qref = à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ *cp*(Tg Te ) (1) Where , cp specific heat capacity Tg Temperature of the generator Te Temperature of evaporator à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  Mass flow rate From this equation we can determine mass flow rate of refrigerant. Calculation of velocity à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ =A*v*à Ã‚  (2) Where, à Ã‚  = density of the refrigerant (taken from design data book) A Flow Area for Refrigerant Ammonia In order to find A we have to take diameter of the tube according to availability in the market. v is the velocity of the refrigerant . Calculation of Reynolds number Re = (à Ã‚ *v*D)/ µ (3) Where D = diameter of the refrigerant tube  µ = dynamic viscosity of refrigerant at mean temperature (taken from design data book) Calculation of Prandtl number Pr = ( µ*Cp)/ k (4) Where, Cp = specific heat of the refrigerant k = thermal conductivity of the refrigerant Calculation of Nusselt number Calculation of the Nusselt number is based on the co-relations and the selection of the co-relation is based on the magnitude of the Re ,Pr , and the nature of the heat transfer surface. In our particular condition we select Gnielinski co-relation, since it involves less uncertainty (6%) so mathematical result will be more accurate. Nu = ((Æ’/2)* (Re 1000)*Pr)/ (1+12.7* (Æ’/2)1/2*((Pr)2/3 1)) (5) Where, Æ’ = friction factor its value depends on the Re Æ’= 0.079(Re)-0.25 4*103 Æ’=0.046(Re)-0.2 3*104 Calculation of convective heat transfer co-efficient Nu = (hr*D)/k (8) Where, hr = Convective heat transfer co-efficient k = Thermal conductivity of the ammonia Similar way we can find out these parameters for exhaust gases by following the same procedure. Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tm = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T1-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T2) / ln(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T2) (9) Where, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T1 = Temperature difference between the exhaust inlet temperature and refrigerant exit temperature à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T2 = Temperature difference between exhaust outlet temperature and refrigerant inlet temperature Calculation of Total Thermal Resistance Qref =U*A *à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tm (10) Since à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tm / Qref is the total thermal resistance we will get the value of 1/ U*A Calculation of the length of heat exchanger Rtotal = Rconv.+Rcond.+Rconv. (11) 1/(U*A)= 1/(he*A) + (ln( ro/ri)) /(2à Ã¢â€š ¬*L*k) + 1/(href*A) (12) Where, he = Convective heat transfer coefficient of the exhaust gasses href = Convective heat transfer coefficient of the refrigerant A = Heat Transfer Area From equation (12) we can easily calculate optimum value of the length of heat exchanger. Now Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger changes as Inlet Temperature Difference between hot exhaust gases and cool refrigerant varies. Effectiveness of Heat exchanger can be calculated by following procedure. Calculation of the effectiveness of the heat exchanger In case of the counter flow the effectiveness Ɇº is given by Ɇº = (1-EXP((-1+C)*NTU) /(1- C* EXP( (-1-C)*NTU)) (13) Where, NTU = Number of Transfer Unit NTU = (U*A)/(à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  * CP)min. (14) C = Capacity Ratio C = (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  * CP)min / (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚  * CP)max (15) Calculation of amount of heat transfer to the generator Ɇº = (actual heat transfer / maximum heat transfer) (16) Maximum heat transfer Qmax = à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ *CP*à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tmax (17) Where, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tmax = Maximum temperature difference between hot exhaust gases and cold refrigerant Using Equations (14) (15) we can calculate actual heat transferred to the generator of the VARS. Calculation of Coefficient of Performance (COP) of VARS COP= (Cooling Effect Produced / Heat Energy Input to Generator) (18) Since COP is the function of temperature we can calculate the COP by using following relation also, COP= (Te*(Tg-Ta))/ (Tg*(Ta-Te)) (19) Where Te = Temperature of the evaporator Tg = Temperature of the generator Ta = Temperature of absorber Results and Discussion: For optimization of design of heat extraction device, we need to determine and fix some parameters. Assume desired heat transfer to be 3 kW. Also we need to find out the specific temperature or temperature range of VARS generator so as to have optimum COP. Graph 1: Generator Temperature Vs COP of VARS From graph 1, it is clear that VARS system will have maximum COP in the generator temperature range of 118 °c (391 K) to 127 °c (400 K). Now we can fix the refrigerant outlet temperature. Furthermore we cannot reduce the exhaust gas temperature below certain level. Sudden drop in exhaust temperature will cause the exhaust gas to slow down. The drop in exhaust temperature can be accommodated by reducing the exhaust pipe diameter. After fixing the generator temperature i.e. , refrigerant outlet temperature, exhaust gas outlet temperature and refrigerant inlet temperature, the only parameter remaining is exhaust gas inlet temperature. Exhaust temperature varies with load conditions (no load to full load conditions) and driving conditions (idling to power mode). This results in to change in LMTD, due to which the overall heat transferred to refrigerant changes. As a result of change in exhaust gas inlet temperature the effectiveness of heat exchanger changes. As exhaust temperature increases effective heat transfer area required decreases as well as effectiveness of heat exchanger reduces. Optimum heat transfer area and effectiveness of heat exchanger is represented by graph 2. Graph 2: Optimum Heat Transfer Area, Effectiveness Vs Inlet Temperature Difference Effectiveness is the function of temperature difference between hot exhaust gases and cold refrigerant at inlet. As this temperature difference increases, effectiveness of heat exchanger decreases. Effectiveness of heat exchanger is not of prime concern. We can maintain the effectiveness to certain level by varying refrigerant inlet temperature by some means, for example, electric heating. It will maintain the temperature difference between two fluids at inlet. Small amount of energy will be utilized to elevate the refrigerant temperature. Prime concern of the study is to obtain desired cooling effect by utilizing exhaust waste heat. So effectiveness of heat exchanger can be compromised to certain level. Practically, COP of system will be much lower as compared to mathematically obtained values but sufficient to produce desired cooling effect efficiently. Graph 1 represents the theoretical values of COP obtained by equation (19). We have used these values to determine optimum generator temperature. After fixing the parameters of heat extraction device (Heat Exchanger), the practical values of COP are obtained by using equation (18). Graph 3 represents the practical values of COP. It is clear from graph 3 that as generator temperature rises from 118 °c to 127 °c, COP values drops to 73% and cooling effect obtained at a point is 2.8 kW and effectiveness of heat exchanger is about 50%. Graph 3: Generator Temperature Vs COP Conclusion From the above results we can say that it is possible to extract waste heat of the engine exhaust using heat exchanger. In order to increase the performance of VARS we have to operate heat exchanger at the optimum condition mentions in results. Some precaution we have to take care such as at the initial stages of engine operation performance of VARS is low, hence to get the same cooling effect we have heat ammonia generator using heating coil.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Accountability In Administration

Accountability In Administration Accountability in pubic administration is very important aspect to be taken care in every country. The integrity, transparency and accountability are basic principles of public administration and governments must have a check and balance methods to check their bureaucracy for their integrity and honesty. These principles must be adopted and exercised in the country as well as in public administration. The accountability must be done in administration for having transparent and integral government system. Transparency refers to the reliable information keeping and providing citizen services of the country and integrity refers to the honesty and making sure that is no corruption in public and citizens dealings and also no misuse of powers by the public administrators. Public administrators and state heads must develop accountability criteria and the process of accountability must be fair and not one sided. All public administrators and political leaders must be aware of these rules and regulations to abide by so that there are no weaknesses in the process which can be taken for granted by the public servants and politicians. The first basic step in accountability process in public administration is to recognize the efficacy of power. The power or authority is necessary to carry out any development programs and transparency, integrity and accountability can not be obtained by simply cutting powers of administrators (McKinney and Howard, 1998). There is another issue with power that the struggle for attaining more and more powers between bureaucrats, if not eliminated, this conflict can be taken as advantage in future. Accountability is a complex process rather than just tackling the abuses but this practice is essential to attain governmental and public goals. Public trust on departments and government is very important in a democratic country and this can be only achieved by having a fair and strong accountability process in the country. When some public officer misuses its powers and he use these powers for himself instead of using for public service delivery. This also breaks trust of citizens towards public administrators and the government itself. The unethical decisions and acts performed by the public officials are also accountable. The other types of issues in public administration which may arise are blaming of errors on other officer then himself, leaking confidential information, fabricating time/quality/quantit y and reports, misusing of expenses allowed, taking gifts/favors in exchange of preference or personal benefits to clients, taking unnecessary days off and taking extra time for breaks like lunch and dinner etc are some examples of acts by public administrators which must be accountable for ensuring integrity and transparency (Gordon and Milakovich, 2009). In short, accountability is the process for ensuring that public money and powers must be used effectively and with honesty for only public services and country. There must be no misuse of any public power or money by the public administrators and government itself. This also brings trust relationship between the public and the government and its departments. Accountability is a process which must be adopted in every department of the country. Efficiency and Effectiveness Efficiency and effectiveness are important in public administration. Efficiency and effectiveness is desired in every aspect of public administration like utilization of funds by tax payers effectively and efficiency of utilization must be careful, constructive and productive for the public. Effective public administration and services are important because this respond well to the public needs and in a timely situations which are also the political demands of the ruling government and adopt such low cost efficient and effective process which are well targeted, honest, transparent and according to the public interest of the country. Efficiency refers to attaining a goal with least possible cost and resources which is also important to public administration. It is always much more needed to be done in public services and administration than before with spending least resources and achieving more and more productivity. Effectiveness refers to make sure the work done is according to public demands, accountability process is carried out and democratic process is observed (Box, 2009).The decisions made in public sector are according to demands of public which are concluded by the discussions of citizens, discovering issues, developing policies and rules, and managing public administrators to implement these services and programs. Public administration can be effective and efficient if the processes adopted by public administrators are efficient, fast and according to needs of the government and public. E-government processes bring efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector by minimizing the time scales on public level and inter-department communication and processes. E-government enables the public administrators and departments to offer citizen service through one click and their precious time saved. E-government includes online services provided to citizens of the country. This increases the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public money and for right purpose (Cloete and Petroni, 2005). The success of any government and public administration can be measured by efficiency and effectiveness. Peoples point of view regarding the effectiveness and efficiency can be measured time to time by conducting satisfaction surveys, consultations with people directly, and direct individual interaction. The policies must be made keeping in mind about what public requires and where it must be spend and where it must not be spend. In conclusion, efficiency and effectiveness are two basic principles of public administration which must be present in any successful administration. Public administrators who make their policies with consultation of public, consider their requirements and also take feedback about their policies are successful and spending public money honestly, effectively and reliably. The spending of public money must be done according to citizens needs and different tools can be adopted for finding what public needs and requires by the government and public administration. Public services must be delivered effectively and efficiently so that there most of the output can be achieved with the public money and resources. The Legitimacy of the Administrative State The legitimacy of the administrative state claims that it offers opportunities to community engagement and also provides a method for scientific decision making. Rohr (1986) emphasized that the blending of executive, legislative, and judicial powers are aligned according to the separation of powers in a democratic community. He argued that the legitimacy of the administrative state was originally meant for American Senate. It provides a sustainability and permanence to the government system of America and playing a balance role in different constitutional departments of the country government. It also focused on the limitations present in representations in the House of Representatives. The legitimacy of the administrative state empowers future public administrators for playing their own autonomous role by selecting one of constitutional masters where might be clash with one another (Spicer, 2007). Rohr worked on two basic principles: the people of the country if follow illegitimate powers and this is happening in present political environment, a legitimate state must be present to avoid such things. The question of legitimacy of the administrative state was emerged two centuries ago. The legitimacy was questioned because the constitution was not providing base for such an organization. Legitimacy can be accomplished by the state itself by focusing on how it functions and progress for supporting legislations and government. It was supposed before that elected members of the house policy making activities and other relevant activities with evolvement of such policies and how these activities are carried out to present the legitimacy of the administration as well as government itself. Bureaucratic legitimacy is based on the scientific method and professionally. To ensure legitimacy in the administrative state, administrative staff plays their part professionally and specialty. Citizens must trust government because the legitimacy can only be achieved in this case. The legitimacy of the public administrative state can be accomplished by means of expertise, public service, leadership qualities, and vision. Public administrators are responsible for the legitimacy of the state by having direct communication with the community by using their bureaucratic expertise, vision of the government, political leadership and best public service delivery. The legitimacy of the administrative state brings the sustainability to the country and ultimately to the state itself. In conclusion, the legitimacy of the administrative state is the responsibility of the public administrators. They must deliver effective citizen services with honesty and ensuring that the vision of the government is achieved. These efforts bring the legitimacy of the state in view point of the people of the country. The state is considered as stable and strong in terms of its constitution and legislative actions. The legitimacy of administrative state also empowers the government to accomplish their policies and people who elected them to the house must trust them to bring legitimacy. The Politics-Administration Dichotomy The Politics/Administration Dichotomy idea was suggested by Woodrow Wilson in his article The Study of Administration. This article is considered as the base of public administration. The dichotomy offers an enduring image to elected political members, public officers, and students of the public administration. This depicts the real issues of policy and administration decisions which struck in government. Politicians or elected members are liable to make policies agenda and decisions on policies and public servants are liable to administrator programs and providing public services to the community. This dichotomy is meant for eliminating politics in the government departments and leaving politicians to make policies who are elected members by people of democratic country. This has been observed that it is effective to create boundaries of public administration and developing a normative relationship between the public administrators and elected politicians in a democratic community (Svara, 1998). Wilsons suggested that a dichotomy must be present between determinations of government policies must be via politics while its enforcement must be non-political administration. He also emphasized on public sector approach of business like and science of administration. These all formed the public administration early 1940s. This politics-administration dichotomy was used already in Europe a century earlier. It is observed that Wilson essay regarding politics-administration dichotomy is ambiguous (Sapru, 2006). It presented for the first time in American history which focused on the required scientific and systematic study of public administration. His politics-administration dichotomy also urged on professional education which is important of higher education to bring professional bureaucracy in the country. By adopting this dichotomy he appointed on the partisan basis and implies his political power to support his policies and programs. He also successful to bring image of government where administrators were dependent on political and partisan chief executive of the country by adopting approach of centralization and executive leadership while allowing administrator to administrator the internal management matters by giving discretionary powers. Brownlow (1956) was a famous consultant of public administration matters praised the idea of politics-administration dichotomy presented by Woodrow Wilson. In his essay he wrote that Wilson laid a foundation for the study programme which is for everyone in the country who is interested in art or science of public administration. In the modern era, Woodrow Wilsons role in the public administration is not denied. However, it might be argued whether he is founder of the public administration or only a dominant personality for the growth of public administration in America. Wilsons essay about the public administration was part of the administration and politics as the social, political and intellectual ferment till the 19th century. This essay presented the ideas on how to tackle the rapidly changing American economy, social and political-administrative order. The Issue of Representation The issue of representation is present across the globe in public administration. This issue comprises on gender, race, or ethnicity factors. The public administration of any country must be comprised of all races, genders and ethnic groups. The effective representative bureaucracy offers a public administration of all people in terms of demographics so that true representation of all groups is involved in decision making process of the public administration and government. The active representation occurs in bureaucracy when they represent the views of those with similar demographic backgrounds (Kellough, 2010). The representation issues must be tackled down to increase public services quality. Female representation is another major issue in public administration. Because females can only understand better what females of the country need and what policies must be developed to make sure that the public services are offered effectively and efficiently. The demographic diversity must be present in the public officials for tackling diversified issues like religious, ethnic, gender or any other demographic issues. Poor people must be provided with their representation in public administration and government so that all representatives of the community are present. If there is no representation of the poor than there are chances that policies are made only for the landlords, businessmen and corporations. The black people representation is very less in American government and public administration departments and these also created problems for black community. This lack of representation evolved many problems and the trust of black people broken on government (Mosher, 1994). The representation issues are more emerged when there are immigrants and these people representation is not present in the administration. This also creates miscommunication and does not develop trust relationship among immigrants and the public administration. Similarly, the race, ethnic and gender issues creates such problems. The communication gap bears obstacles in developing a trust relationship among government, administration and public. The effectiveness and efficiency is also compromised due to such environment. The representation must be according to the demographics of the country, state and local level. All people must have their proper representation. Females must have their own representation in the public administration as well as in House of Representatives so that all policies and rules are made according to the needs of the females in the country. Minorities must also be represented in the government and in public administration so that the laws must be aligned acco rding to their beliefs and religious independence not compromised. In conclusion, the true representation of every class must be present in the administrative departments and government. This true representation enables government and administrators to develop and implement according to the needs of the people in specific demographics. Equal gender rights must be present in the country and community and this is only possible than there is equal representation of males and females in decision making process. The responsible public administrator Cooper presented the idea of The responsible public administrator in which suggested that the primary responsibility of the public administrator to deal with public interest with honesty and common good responsibility emerged from the fiduciary role of public administration (Boje, 2008). In this the public administrators were the individuals possessing and relied on their own expertise and neutrality. The action taken by such administrators was relied on the scientific and neutral principles. Cooper emphasized on that responsible public administrator knows how to decide an ethical choice in which one might be involved in right action versus wrong action and even sometimes right action versus right action. The individual must build up the skills of moral imagination which involves the capability to create a movie in our minds which must consider the dynamics of the environment in which ethical choice must be taken care (Menzel, 2007). The goal for the responsible public administrator is to bring up the ethical situation of the public servant and develop creative reflection of this situation while not only laying down the public service values (Cooper, 1990). This emphasized on how the public servants are responsible to act ethically and not to take advantage of their powers. Also, public administrators must behave ethically during their public service and do the value-based decisions during while performing their duties. The responsible public administrator must know how to act in a situation where the right action versus the wrong action and in some cases, right action against the right action. The decisions for such actions must be ethical no matter what environment is and also according to values of the government business. Coopers framework provides a solid base for all aspects of public administration involved in decision making and make sure that the public administrator must balance the professional, personal, and organizational values. This framework enables the public servants while they are performing their duties to take decisions neutrally and ethically. Their decisions must be according to the rules and regulations of the government and must not violate any political and governmental rules. The framework not only literate the public administrators about ethics, in fact it demands the actions ethically and practically neutral. In conclusion, the responsible public administrators are important for the democratic government and citizens of the country because these administrators take decisions on all public and national matters neutrally and ethically and also take care of their actions must be according to the law. The democratic government must be successful if they have responsible public servants because there are the people who act upon the government decisions. The democratic government only succeeds by fair play and the public administrators are one of key players of this fair play. These administrators take decisions based upon actions which are right and valuable for community and the country rather than just decision making.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

how jails came to be in america :: essays research papers

The Long and Winding Road: How Jails Came to Be in America [The guards here believe that] the tougher, colder, and more cruel and inhuman a place is, the less chance a person will return. This is not true. The more negative experiences a person goes through, the more he turns into a violent, cruel, mean, heartless individual, I know this to be a fact – Annonymous Prisoner, â€Å"The Trauma of Prison Rape† (Manner 130) The prisoner described the truth of jails as he is experiencing them now, while the original Quaker intentions had something much different in mind. The Quakers, who were led under William Penn, were the first group to set up an institutionalized system in the United States that dealt with punishment. Since the original plans were developed for the prison system, the goal and intentions have been reformed time and time again. Although jails are supposed to be a place of rehabilitation, the reality is that they are actually a hotbed for spurring criminals more violent then when they were first admitted. Before jails were even implemented in America, the colonists had quite a different approach to punishment that led to how jails came to be. The original outlook of criminals came from the Colonists religious belief that criminals were sinners who were workers of the devil. The Colonists felt they had to be protected from devil’s workforce and therefore criminals must have their name run into the ground, be cast out of the town, or in the most extreme cases be hung. Before the Colonists accepted institutions, they looked to public humiliation as a means of correcting the lesser criminals. The harsher punishments, such as death, were given to people who were believed to be beyond redemption. But, with growing populations due to industrialization of cities townspeople grew less and less known to one another. With less recognition between citizens the thought of public humiliation as a punishment was weakening as a threat. On top of that, people were beginning to grow weary that c apital punishment may have been too barbaric and overall ineffective. Yet, the colonists were still not completely convinced to utilize jails. The hesitation was a result of the community feeling that most men were not salvageable and institutionalizing them would only be rewarding. Although, this conception began to unravel in the late 1600’s when the Pennsylvania Quakers came up with a plan that would eventually be accepted.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

My heart wuz mos’ broke bekase you wuz los’,†(Pg. 85) was what Jim told Huckleberry when he found him again after they had been separated. This is a perfect example of how much Jim sincerely cares about Huck. Huck definitely has a very close and father-like relationship with the runaway slave, Jim. On the other hand, his real father, Pap, is less of a father figure to Huck than a runaway African American slave. Pap is very violent and abusive towards Huck. By looking at Huck’s relationships with Pap and Jim and how they are different and similar in some ways, Huck’s relationship with Pap, and Huck’s relationship with Jim the reader can see how they all relate. Although the relationships between Huck and Pap and Huck and Jim may seem extremely different, they are also quite similar in some ways. Both are father figures for Huck in a way. Although Huck is related to Pap through blood, Jim, who is a slave, cares more for Huck and is more nurturing than Pap is. â€Å"Come in, Huck, but doan’ look at his face - it’s too gashly.† (Pg. 50) Jim said this as he found the body of Huck’s father, Pap. This shows how Jim didn’t want Huck to be upset by knowing that his father is dead. Also, Huck is in danger staying with both of these people. With staying with Pap, Huck is in danger because of his father’s abusiveness. Jim and Pap are also alike because of the fact that both of these people don’t like their place in society. Pap wants to be wealthier and higher up in society, whereas Jim only wants to escape slavery and own himself. Pap is a very violent drunk. He lives on the outskirts of town, and goes into town only to get alcohol and become intoxicated. â€Å"I borrowed three dollars from Judge Thatcher, and pap took it and got drunk, and went a-blow-ing around and cussing and whooping and carrying on; and he kept it up all over town, with a tin pan, till most midnight; then they jailed him, and next day they had him before court, and jailed him again for a week.†, (Pg. 21). This shows further how Pap is a horrible role model for Huck and a drunk. One night, because of his drunken stupor, Pap tried to kill Huck and almost succeeded.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

How Consumer Insight Are Shaping Companies in India Essay

Customer is King is an adage that most companies across the globe have embraced. The need to concentrate on customers and be responsive to their demands has long been acknowledged by organizations. However, with globalisation and technological revolution the dynamics of business, the meaning of customer and market knowledge have all undergone a transformation. Today, the customer is the controlling factor in business and to be market-driven, an organisation has to evolve a culture that constantly listens to the customer, analyses competition and has strategies that meet existing, anticipated and even unanticipated needs of the customer. Going one step further, organizations must focus on customer relationship management which has given way to customer knowledge management. Given the international environment and knowledge economy, market and customer intelligence serves as a core competency and a principal source of competitive advantage. Leading by listening Practically every success story in today’s corporate realm reflects how awareness of customer needs shapes competitive business strategy. Let’s look at some examples. Procter & Gamble When P&G, the largest consumer goods company in the world, chose to offer its products to the lower income customer in developing countries, it had research teams associating with the poorest of homes for weeks. This gave the company valuable insights, which aided the company in creating a range of products that suited the pockets of this segment, enabling it to gain substantial market share. Amazon.com Amazon.com, the first e-retailer of books in the world, attained competitive advantage by emerging as book lovers’ forum where they could also share knowledge. It maintains customer knowledge through services such as book reviews, access to order histories and product recommendations based on preceding orders. Consequently, Amazon has recorded more than 70% repeat orders from its customers. Mahindra & Mahindra Mahindra & Mahindra’s SUV, Scorpio, has experienced enormous success in domestic and international markets. The positioning of Scorpio as an economy SUV was centered on the findings of extensive market visits and exploration of customer needs. The customer needs and wants ascertained were transformed into product specifications for Scorpio. Customer groups were consulted at every stage of design and product development. Scorpio was designated as the â€Å"Car of the Year† by ‘BBC on Wheels’ shortly after its launch. Indian Railways The amazing transformation of Indian Railways from what was termed as a white elephant to a profit making entity in less than two years has caught the attention of Indian and foreign academic and corporate establishments. This turnaround was not owing to any high-end technology but to a modest information means — the passenger feedback form. Data attained from these forms was analysed to identify customer expectations from the Railways. This was supported by a study of the best railways worldwide, and benchmarking with other transportations such as roadways and airlines. The outcome was a complete renovation of trains, stations and railway services to render them passenger-friendly. Needless to say, customers welcomed this change. The above examples highlight that it is vital to listen to customers for a success marketer-customer relationship, where the customer is not just a beneficiary, but a partner. Effective listening, together with strategic initiatives, can bring about a happily-ever-after end to this association.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Cyber crime Essay

The proliferation of the use of internet technology for some time now has seen the growth of crimes that are committed over the net which is also referred to as the cyberspace. These crimes are referred to as cyber-crime. Basically cyber-crime is part of electronic crime and it is a criminal activity that is executed through computer network (Balkin, 2007). Traditionally the term espouses such crimes as fraud, theft, forgery, blackmail, and other illicit activities that are done over the network. However as the use of computer networks have increased and more types of computer crimes have come up and the definition of the crimes has also become expounded. The web is a worldwide thing in which materials are posted and accessed from all corners of the world. This worldwide coverage of the net gives rise to a diversity of information that is found in the net and it follows that cyber-crimes are a worldwide crimes. The nature of the differences in cultures in the world for example give rise to a need make sure the net is an objective platform of information dissemination, be it religious, social, or political material. The growth of business over the internet; e-business has also brought in another type of cyber crime whereby people may defraud potential customers of their money by advertising goods, services or even jobs that are non existent. Other types of cyber crimes exist, and they shall be looked at in the following discussion. According to the USA’s Department of Justice, there have been very many cases of cyber-crime that are reported annually. This made the US government to join hands with the European council’s Convention against Cyber crime in 2006. Look more:Â  the issues concerning identity theft essay Types of cyber-crimes The crimes that are common in the cyber are fraud. Fraud is a dishonest misrepresentation of facts that is intended to cause loss for somebody else and benefit the fraud doer. This includes changing inputs in internet in unauthorized manner, altering or deleting data that is already stored in the net, altering existing system tools, manipulating bank systems so as to make unauthorized access to bank ATM’s (Shinder, 2002). Offensive content is another form of cyber crime. Harmful contents of websites are considered as cases of cyber crime. Also distasteful or offensive the information carried in a cyber sites is not allowed. All materials that have the potential of inciting hate crimes in societies, materials that encourage political rebellion, or blasphemous material are not allowed also as they are basically offensive in significant manner. If these kinds of materials are found posted on the web their owners are accused of cyber crime. The reason for the restriction of these materials is that they lead to hostilities based on faith, race, etc that the modern world does not have a place for. Harassment is another type of crime that occurs over the net. It includes the circulation of derogatory comments, and obscenities that are directed at certain individuals that are based on their aspects of gender, religion, race, sexual orientation or national identity. This is mainly done through news groups, e mails with hate messages, and chat rooms. Another crime that is supported by the net is drug trafficking. Drug trafficking is done through the net in that the illegal substance sellers use encrypted e-mail and other available internet technologies. The substances themselves are delivered to the buyer after they make payments. This crime leads to more sales for the drug sellers since the trade is restricted in most countries and the intimidated users of the drugs resort to this option as a save haven. Cyber terrorism is another kind of cyber crime. This crime is the coercion or intimidation of organizations or the government to advance a certain persons political or social goals. This is done by launching attacks on their computer networks, and the information stored there using computer. This vice can be defined as an act of terrorism that is committed via the use of computer resources or cyberspace. It ranges from simple propaganda to the use of the internet to commit a serious terrorist attack (Blane, 2003). Hacking activities are classified as acts of cyber terrorism. This activity is the attacking of websites of families, individuals, and groups within a network, in order to collect information that is useful for criminal activities such as blackmailing, robberies, or ruining the activities of the web owners. A Canada case in 2000, which involved a Mafia boy who had committed 54 counts of illegal access to computers, is a classical case of cyber crime. The defendant also faced ten counts for mischievous data attacks on dell computer, yahoo, among other companies’ websites. There are many let downs in the fight against cyber crime. Many countries around the world lack systems and laws that are aimed at combating the crime. In extreme cases there are nations that condone or encourage some cyber crimes. In many of the countries the burden of fighting cyber-crime is left to corporations that are affected in one way or the other by the vice. Some of the countries have laws against the crime but the law is not implemented while others have proposals for the law but they have not made the law. Nigeria here serves as an example of such a country which has a good plan for fighting the crime only that the proposals have not been made into law. The bill addressing the crime is in the national assembly waiting to be discussed. If the bill were passed, cyber criminals would be prosecuted and duly punished. This go slow attitude is seen in many countries that don’t seem to realize the danger that cyber-crimes pose to the victims. In any case government agencies like the police force, and crime investigation departments are among the leading victims of cyber crimes. Also politicians get lots of cyberspace blackmail and hence they should be in the forefront of finding a solution to the problem. Again cyberspace crimes are an image destroying affair. For instance a cyber-criminal operating from a country A to injure a victim in country B destroys the overall image of their country and this may translate to less trust for his country in the eyes of other countries. The result of this may be economical loss of for the country that hosts the cyber-criminals as web based companies refrain from investing in the country (Yar, 2006). Protections against cyber-crimes The enactment of laws against cyber crime by the governments has been a move in the right direction. In US there are such laws as; Computer Abuse and Fraud Act that address issues of fraud that is related to computers, SPAM act that is intended to at controlling assaults of non solicited pornography. Other laws address extortion threats, identity theft, wire fraud, electronic communications privacy, and secrets of trade (Thomas, 2000). Legal frameworks that address each emergent form of cyber-crime should be made. The laws that are made should be implemented and avoid the situations from the past where some of the laws have not been put into practice. There should be cooperation with among the stakeholders concerned in the cyber-crime inclusive of all operators and technical solution providers in the sector. Such cooperation is a fast way to eliminating cyber criminals as their life in the community will be made difficult. The operators of cybercafes should not involve themselves with people who abuse the internet and commit the crimes. Public awareness on the crimes should be instituted. This campaign should inform the public about the dangers involved in the crimes. Awareness about cyber-crime should be created among members of the society so as to cut the number of cases that are likely to occur if the people are not aware. The structure of the Europe’s convention against cyber-crime is that nations who become signatories of it harmonize their national laws, improve their investigative capacity on the matter and cooperate with other nations in the fight against the crimes. If this convention is adopted internationally it is able to stop the problem to a great extent. This is due to the trans-border nature of the problem. Since the net is used and violated worldwide then a workable solution to the problem should be worldwide. If the convention is not adopted in all countries, and cyber-criminals continue to operate freely there still will be effects on those countries that have ratified the convention (Shinder, 2002). On top of all this, victims of cyber-crimes should report the cases to the authorities for actions to be taken. Cyber criminals should be named and shamed so that they may cease from the practice. Conclusion Cyber crimes are very prevalent in today’s world and all actions that is required should be done to curb them. The current actions taken against the crimes are not enough and more should be done to address the problem as it posses a grave danger to the entire population of the world as it has the potential to influence political, social and economical wellbeing of communities, individuals and institutions. Protection of the self’s interest can only be guaranteed through the concerted efforts of all stakeholders and nations in fighting the crime. References Balkin, J. (2007). Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment NYU Press Blane, J. (2003). Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism. Nova Publishers Shinder, D. (2002). Scene of the Cybercrime: Computer Forensics Handbook. Syngress Thomas, D. (2000). Cybercrime: Law Enforcement, Security and Surveillance in the Information Age. Routledge Yar, M. (2006). Cybercrime and Society: Crime and Punishment in the Information Age. SAGE http://www. usdoj. gov/criminal/cybercrime/ http://computerworld. co. ke/articles/2008/11/10/nigerian-govt-rated-low-curbing-cybercrime

Sunday, September 15, 2019

“Idiot Nation” by Michael Moore Essay

In the reading â€Å"Idiot Nation† by Michael Moore, he focuses on how the United States is becoming lazier and is being filled with idiots. Moore goes on to explain how our political system, lifestyles, and technology are the reason for our country’s becoming so idiotic. Nevertheless he believes the educational system is suffering the most. The American people as well as politicians are somewhat at fault as they continue to contribute to the regression of our educational system. Moore argues that politicians and the American people have continued to ignore the education system and have prioritized less important issues over future generation’s education. Admittedly I would have to agree by prioritizing less important issues, the education of future generations will continue to suffer. First of all politicians are partly responsible for America’s idiocy. The priorities of our politicians are unacceptable. According to Moore, our political leaders â€Å"ha ve decided it’s a bigger priority to build another bomber then to educate children† (135). As a result any schools throughout the United States have overflowing classrooms, outdated facilities, and below average teachers. Moore as well as myself feels that politicians should change their focus towards education. A focus on education would result in updated schools, structures and teachers. Politicians should always focus on education because today’s students will affect tomorrow’s history and future. Politicians and parents must work together in order to a focus on education. I believe that parents should responsible for maintaining adequate schools. They need to take action and be more involved in the well being of our schools. Instead of expecting politicians to make changes we can take the correct steps for a better educational system. One way we can help is by making libraries up to date and accessible to students. Another way we can help is by making sure students are receiving the correct nutrition from school lunches. Parents can setup their children for success by making sure that they have rested, completed their homework and prepared for school. We need to take action and work together as a whole to improve the education system in America. In order to improve our educ ational system we must be to  solve what’s wrong with it. Today our country seems to focus on technology. Before technology existed, almost everything was done by hand. People had to work hard in their jobs but in the world we live in today they rely on technology to the work for them. We even give children toys such as Ipads, which do not allow them to grow mentally. More says, â€Å"There are forty-four million Americans who cannot read and write above a forth-grade level-in other words, who are illiterates† (122). More and myself feel because we reply so much on technology, the ones paying the consequences our children. They are growing up in an environment where technology allows them to take the easy way out. The environment we allowing our children to grow up in is not only affect their education but their lifestyles. Many teenagers much rather stay update with there social media than reading a book, study, or learn about history. We are given three chances to gain education, in elementary, middle school, high school, and college. Many take part in gaining an education but many not even explore it. These education opportunities are to h elp our nation to become smarter and succeed. The lifestyles of teenagers have leaded them to feel not motivated to learn or do better in life. Another way my education was affected was by budget cuts made my to school. Programs that were offered were no longer available to me or my friends. For example, in the fifth grade our physical education class was cut due to lack of funding. This was something students looked forward too, it allowed us to play and be active. Another way was by our library was cut, so we are stuck with the same books every year. I could see how the lack of new books and physical education was affecting us in and outside the classroom. Moore was right in believing how the United States is becoming lazier and is being filled with idiots. Our political system, lifestyles, and technology are the reason for our country’s becoming so idiotic. In turn our educational system is suffering the most. Schools are no longer a place of personal expression, not allowed to think for them, or even allowed to rock the vote. I feel if we continue on the track we on right now we will ruin the education of tomorrow ’s generation.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic thought appeals to me the most. Therefore, it is necessary to outline its main ideas related to monetary and fiscal policy. It is important to know that this theory is based on ideas of famous British economist John Keynes and it is rooted in the 20th century. Keynesian economy claims that mixed economy is the best type of managing fiscal and monetary policies, where special attention is paid to private sector and state. Keynesians doesn’t think that both state and private sector should operate on their own and, therefore, their policy differs significantly from laissez-faire economy. Such idea is the most appealing to me, because I think that every sector should be under thorough control. (Blinder 2003)The next moment to mention is that Keynesians believe macro-level trends are able to dominate over the micro-level of individual behavior. In contrast to classical theory, Keynesians promote an idea that aggregate demand for good is of great im portance in economy and is its main driving force. Speaking about fiscal and monetary policies, Keynesians aim at raising saving in order to lower the demand for labor and products. For example, they stated that there were many ways for the government to ensure effective management of national economy.Instead of paying attention to unbalanced budgets, Keynesian theory suggests countercyclical fiscal policies, â€Å"which acted against the tide of the business cycle: deficit spending when a nation’s economy suffers from recession or when recovery is long-delayed and unemployment is persistently high†. (Blinder 2003) Therefore, the government should solve short-term problems. Also Keynesians think that fiscal stimulus or deficit spending may actuate production. Rather interesting idea is that government should be complementary. And fiscal expansion is possible only in case of slack in labor market.However, Keynesian theory is criticized because of unbalanced view of mone tary policy. For example, it is suggested that their approach to economy is rather collectivist which requires centralized planning and, in such a way, it may lead to totalitarian abuses. Keynesians are more concerned with considerations instead of executing. (Blinder 2003)ReferencesBlinder, Alan. (2003). Keynesian Economics. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/KeynesianEconomics.html

Friday, September 13, 2019

Amphibians Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Amphibians - Assignment Example This paper shall attempt to assess how amphibians developed breathable skin.   Before they had breathable skin  the amphibians were four legged fish that swallowed air into their lungs. About three hundred million years back, there was a dawn tadpole that resembled more of a crocodile (Robinson, 2009). It is in the latter years that the Eryops developed stronger legs and jaws. These amphibians have a great correlation with the present day ones. The amphibians were to later look like reptiles that were more of snakes. The development saw a three foot long reptile with a developed skull. Their skin later became thicker and scalier (Robinson, 2009). In the process of adaptation, the amphibians slowly developed a waterproof skin referred to as amnion that would help them breathe (Robinson, 2009). Though this skin, they would also get protection from sunstroke, as well as allow their offspring achieve to the full development prior to hatching. Robinson (2009) also argues that the amphibians required a step forward in procreation that would allow them come up with species that would allow high chances of survival. This adaptation minimized the chances of extinction as the skin allowed for the transportation of oxygen that allowed for respiration. With the skin of the first amphibians being too scaly as opposed to moist, it is apparent that there was a requisite for the consequent amphibians to protect themselves from dehydration (Strauss, 2014). Through the skin, the amphibians could also live underwater, and the thin skins can also protect their young ones. Conclusively, it is, therefore, arguable that the breathable amphibian skin developed as a result of the need to keep out water from their bodies but still allow air to pave in (Strauss, 2014). Despite the amphibians’ skin looking frail, its role has come in handy for these

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resources Management - Essay Example It is a means of industrial government since it is different from unilateral and workers’ control management. The Donovan Commission bargained for it in 1960s, but in 1980s and 1990s, the employers reduced the range of issues regulated jointly, e.g. work pace and organization, and restored unilateral management (Braton and Gold, 2001:318). After the World War II, bargaining was used to determine the working condition of employees and their pay. This transformed the workplaces bringing with it power balance and the growth of shop stewards’ organization. This organization aimed at fighting for the employees’ rights using striking strategies (Inman et al., 2010:214). The conservative government in 1970 was against the trade unions; a move that led to political and industrial militancy. This saw the labour government create a social contract in order to control the employees’ wages. This was followed by strikes between 1978 and 1979 to oppose the move by the g overnment (Gilmore and Williams, 2009:24-44). In light of this information, this paper examines the managerial styles, objectives and strategies used in trade union and non-union organisations. Employment relationship With the election of Margaret Thatcher under the Conservative government in 1979, the reversal of conservatives’ policies was experienced. ... This saw election of union leaders and an increased union militancy. Major challenges during this time included reduced state jobs and services and an increase in the private sector influence. This had a dramatic influence on employment relations leading to massive opposition from trade unions (Price, 2007:413). Managerial Styles and Objectives of Managing the Employment Relationship There are four styles of managing employment relationships, which influence management strategies and human resource management practices. These are traditionalist, sophisticated paternalists, sophisticated moderns and standard moderns. These styles have different objectives that define their nature. The traditionalist style is authoritative, hostile and does not entertain trade unions (Pynes, 2008:215). Sophisticated paternalists refuse to recognize unions, but they ensure employees are committed to the organizations’ goals and their needs are satisfied. Sophisticated moderns, on the other hand, accept trade unions as well as collective bargains to determine the terms and conditions of employment relations. Standard moderns also accept trade unions, but they change their approach towards them depending on internal and external pressures and responses. It is thus clear that, in traditionalist and sophisticated moderns style, both the manager and employees have the same goals and interests i.e. they are unitary. The other two recognize that the employees and the manager have different goals and interests (Guest et al., 2003:291-314). Managerial Strategies to the Employment of Non-union Organizations Non- union organizations are a disadvantage to the